Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Animals in the Middle Ages: Articles/Chapters

Barad, Judith. “The Ontology of Animal Rights.” In The Future of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Problems, Trends, and Opportunities for Research, edited by Roger Dahood, 29-42. Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 2. Turnhout: Brepols, 1998.

Cohen, Esther. “Animals in Medieval Perceptions: The Image of the Ubiquitous Other.” In Animals in Human Society: Changing Perspectives, edited by Aubrey Manning and James Serpell, 59-80. New York: Routledge, 1994.

Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. “Inventing with Animals in the Middle Ages.” Download “Inventing with Animals in the Middle Ages.” In Engaging with Nature: Essays on the Natural World in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, edited by Barbara A. Hanawalt and Lisa J. Kiser, 39-62. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008.

Crane, Susan. “Animality.” In A Handbook of Middle English Studies. edited by Marion Turner, 123-34. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Daston, Lorraine. “Intelligences: Angelic, Animal, Human.” Thinking With Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism, ed. Lorraine Daston and Gregg Mittman. New York: Columbia UP, 2005. 37-58.

Holsinger, Bruce. “Of Pigs and Parchment: Medieval Studies and the Coming of the Animal,” PMLA 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 616–23.

Salisbury, Joyce E. "Human Beasts and Bestial Humans in the Middle Ages." In Animal Acts: Configuring the Human in Western History, edited by Jennifer Ham, 9-22. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Animals in the Middle Ages: Books

Alexander, Dominic. Saints and Animals in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2008.

Bell, David, ed. and trans. Wholly Animals: A Book of Animal Tales. Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 1992.

Burns, E. Jane and Peggy McCracken, ed. From Beasts to Souls: Gender and Embodiment in Medieval Europe. Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P, 2013.

Cohen, Jeffrey J. Medieval Identity Machines. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2003

Crane, Susan. Animal Encounters: Contacts and Concepts in Medieval Britain. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.

Creager, Angela N. H. and William Chester Jordan. The Animal/Human Boundary: Historical Perspectives. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer, 2004.

Flores, Nona C. Animals in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 2000.

Hanawalt, Barbara A. and Lisa J. Kiser, eds. Engaging With Nature: Essays on the Natural World in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. University of Notre Dame Press, 2008.

Hartmann, Sieglinde, ed. Fauna and Flora in the Middle Ages: Studies of the Medieval Environment and its Impact on the Human Mind. New York: Peter Lang, 2007.

Hobgood-Oster, Laura. Holy Dogs and Asses: Animals in the Christian Tradition. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 2008.

Honegger, Thomas. From Phoenix to Chauntecleer: Medieval English Animal Poetry. Tübingen: Francke Verlag, 1996.

Houwen, L.A.J.R. Animals and the Symbolic in Medieval Art and Literature. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 1997.

Janson, H.W. Apes and Ape Lore in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. London: The Warburg Institute, 1952.

Klingender, Francis Donald. Animals in Art and Thought: To the End of the Middle Ages. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971.

Kordecki, Lesley. Ecofeminist Subjectivities: Chaucer’s Talking Birds. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Mann, Jill. From Aesop to Reynard: Beast Literature in Medieval Britain. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.

Matthews, David, ed. Studies in the Age of Chaucer 34 (2012). St. Louis: New Chaucer Society, 2012. (special issue on animals)

Pluskowski, Aleksander, ed. Breaking and Shaping Beastly Bodies: Animals as Material Culture in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007.

Resl, Brigitte, ed. A Cultural History of Animals in the Medieval Age. Oxford: Berg, 2007.

Rowland, Beryl. Blind Beasts: Chaucer’s Animal World. Kent: Kent State UP, 1971.

Rowland, Beryl. Animals with Human Faces: A Guide to Animal Symbolism. London: Allen and Unwin, 1974.

Salisbury, Joyce E. The Medieval World of Nature: A Book of Essays. New York: Garland, 1993.

Salisbury, Joyce E. The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages. New York and London: Routledge, 1994.

Salter, David. Holy and Noble Beasts: Encounters with Animals in Medieval Literature. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2001

Steel, Karl. How to Make A Human: Animals and Violence in the Middle Ages. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2011.

Steel, Karl and Peggy McCracken, ed. postmedieval 2.11 (Spring 2011). New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. (special number on "the animal turn")

Van Dyke, Carolynn, ed. Rethinking Chaucerian Beasts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

Walker-Meikle, Kathleen. Medieval Pets. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2012.

Yamamoto, Dorothy. The Boundaries of the Human in Medieval English Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Ziolkowski, Jan. Talking Animals: Medieval Latin Beast Poetry, 750-1150. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1993.

Critical Animal Studies: Books

Adams, Carol. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York: Continuum, 1990.

Baker, Steve. Pitching the Beast: Animals, Identity, and Representation. Champaign: U of Illinois P, 2001.

Calarco, Matthew. Zoographies: The Question of the Animal from Heidegger to Derrida. New York: Columbia UP, 2013.

Creager, Angela N.H. and William Chester Jordan, ed. The Animal Human Boundary: Historical Perspectives. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2002.

Daston, Lorraine and Gregg Mittman, eds. Thinking With Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. New York: Continuum, 2001.

Derrida, The Beast and the Sovereign. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.

Derrida, Jacques. The Animal That Therefore I Am. Ed. Marie-Louise Mallet. Trans. David Wills. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.

Donovan, Josephine and Carol Adams, eds. The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

Haraway, Donna. Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003.

Haraway, Donna. When Species Meet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.

McCance, Dawn. Critical Animal Studies: An Introduction. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013.

Oliver, Kelly. Animal Lessons: How They Teach Us to Be Human. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.

PMLA 124.2 (March 2009). (cluster on animal studies).

Sorabji, Richard. Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.

Weil, Kari. Thinking Animals: Why Animal Studies Now? New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

Wolch, Jennifer and Jody Emel, ed. Animal Geographies: Place, Culture, and Identity in the Nature-Culture Borderlands. London: Verso, 1998.

Wolfe, Cary. Animal Rites: American Culture, the Discourse of Species, and Posthumanist Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Wolfe, Cary, ed. Zoontologies: The Question of the Animal. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.

Wolfe, Cary. What is Posthumanism? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.

Wolfe, Cary, Before the Law: Humans and Other Animals in a Biopolitical Frame. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.

Critical Animal Studies: Articles

Levinas, Emmanuel. “The Name of a Dog, or Natural Rights." In Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism, 151-3. Trans. Sean Hand. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Nagel, Thomas. “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” In Mortal Questions, 165-80. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1979.

Animal Trials

Beirne, Piers. “The Law Is an Ass: Reading E.P. Evans’ The Medieval Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals. Links to an external site.” Society and Animals 2, no. 1 (n.d.): 27–46. Links to an external site.

Evans, Edward Payson. The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals. London: W. Heinemann, 1906.

Ewald, William. "Comparative Jurisprudence: What Was It Like to Try a Rat? Links to an external site." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 143, no. 6 (1995): 1889–2149.

Srivastava, Anila. “‘Mean, Dangerous, and Uncontrollable Beasts’: Mediaeval Animal Trials.” Links to an external site. Mosaic : A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 40, no. 1 (March 2007): 127–43.

Arabic

Goodman, Lenn E. and Richard McGregor, eds. The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.

Schippers, Arie. “Animal Description in the Poetry of Ibn H̲afāǧa,” in Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Union Européenne Des Arabisants et Islamisants, II, 203-11. Budapest: A. Fodor, 1995.

Bestiaries (Primary)

Barber, Richard. Bestiary: Being an English Version of the Bodleian Library, Oxford M.S. Bodley 764 with All the Original Miniatures Reproduced in Facsimile. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2006.

Clark, Willene B. A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-Family Bestiary. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2006.

Curley, Michael J. Physiologus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

James, Montague Rhodes. The Bestiary Being a Reproduction in Full of the Ms. II-4-26 in the Univ. Library. Cambridge, with Supplementary Plates from Other Mss. of English Origin, and a Preliminary Study of the Latin Bestiary as Current in England, Edit. for the Roxburgh Club by M. R. James, London: Roxburghe Club, 1928.

Millar, E.G., ed. A Thirteenth-Century Bestiary in the Library of Alnwick Castle.Oxford: Roxburghe Club, 1958.

White, Terence Hanbury. The Book of Beasts: Being a Translation from a Latin Bestiary of the Twelfth Century. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries Parallel Press, 2002.

Bestiaries (Secondary)

Badke, David. The Medieval Bestiary. bestiary.ca (see under Bestiaries [Primary] above)

Clark, Willene B. and Meradith T. McMunn, eds. Beasts and Birds of the Middle Ages: The Bestiary and Its Legacy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989. Links to an external site.

Diekstra, F.N.M., “The Physiologus, the Bestiaries and Medieval Animal Lore,” Neophilologus 69 (1985): 142–55.

George, Wilma and Brunsdon Yapp, Naming of the Beasts: Natural History in the Medieval Bestiary. London: Duckworth, 1991.

Hassig, Debra. Medieval Bestiaries: Text, Image, Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Hassig, Debra and Debra Higgs Strickland, The Mark of the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature. New York: Garland, 1999.

Houwen, A. R. J. “Animal Parallelism in Medieval Literature and the Bestiaries: A Preliminary Investigation Links to an external site..” Neophilologus 78 (1994): 483–96. Links to an external site.

Kay, Sarah. "Post-Human Philology and the Ends of Time in Medieval Bestiaries Links to an external site.." Postmedieval 4 (2014): 473-85.

Birds and Birbs

Crane, Susan. “For the Birds.” Studies in the Age of Chaucer 29 (2007): 23–41.

Ellard, Donna Beth. “Going Interspecies, Going Interlingual, and Flying Away with the Phoenix.” Links to an external site. Exemplaria 23 (2011): 268-92. Links to an external site.

Gellinek-Schellekens, Josepha Eugenie. The Voice of the Nightingale in Middle English Poems and Bird Debates. New York: Peter Lang, 1984.

Kitson, Peter. “Swans and Geese in Old English Riddles.” Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 7 (1994): 79–84.

Kordecki, Lesley. Ecofeminist Subjectivities: Chaucer’s Talking Birds. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Leach, Elizabeth Eva. “‘The Little Pipe Sings Sweetly While the Fowler Deceives the Bird’: Sirens in the Later Middle Ages.” Links to an external site. Music & Letters 87 (2006): 187-211.

Leach, Elizabeth Eva. Sung Birds: Music, Nature, and Poetry in the Later Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.

Meaney, Audrey. “Birds on the Stream of Consciousness: Riddles 7 to 10 of the Exeter Book.” Archaeological Review from Cambridge 18 (2002): 120–52.

Sorrell, Paul. "Like a Duck to Water: Representations of Aquatic Animals in Early Anglo-Saxon Literature and Art." Leeds Studies in English 25 (1994): 29–68.

Ticehurst, F. The Mute Swan in England. London: Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd., 1957.

Yapp, W. Brunsdon. Birds in Medieval Manuscripts. London: British Library, 1981.

Chaucer

Crane, Susan. “For the Birds.” Studies in the Age of Chaucer 29 (2007): 23–41.

Kordecki, Lesley. Ecofeminist Subjectivities: Chaucer’s Talking Birds. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Rowland, Beryl. Blind Beasts: Chaucer’s Animal World. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1971.

Van Dyke, Carolynn, ed. Rethinking Chaucerian Beasts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

Food

Albarella, Umberto. “Meat Production and Consumption in Town and Country.” In Town and Country in the Middle Ages: Contrasts, Contacts, and Interconnections, 1100-1500, edited by Kate Giles and Christopher Dyer, 131-48. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monographs 22. Leeds: Maney, 2005.

Banham, Debby. Food and Drink in Anglo-Saxon England. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2004.

Frantzen, Allen J. Food, Eating and Identity in Early Medieval England. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK; Rochester, NY, USA: Boydell & Brewer, 2014.

Hammond, Peter. Food & Feast in Medieval England. Stroud, Gloucestershire:The History Press, 2005.

Magennis, Hugh. Anglo-Saxon Appetites: Food and Drink and Their Consumption in Old English and Related Literature. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999.

Woolgar, M., D. Serjeantson, and T. Waldron, eds. Food in Medieval England: Diet and Nutrition. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2006.

Gender

Burns, Jane and Peggy McCracken, eds. From Beasts to Souls: Gender and Embodiment in Medieval Europe. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2013.

Fries, Maureen. “Shape-Shifting Women in the Old Irish Sagas.” Bestia: Yearbook of the Beast Fable Society 3 (1991): 15-21.

Kordecki, Lesley. Ecofeminist Subjectivities: Chaucer’s Talking Birds. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

McAvoy, Liz Herbert and Teresa Walters, eds. Consuming Narratives: Gender and Monstrous Appetite in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Cardff: University of Wales Press, 2002.

History/Culture

Banham, Debby and Rosamond Faith. Anglo-Saxon Farms and Farming. Medieval History and Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Clutton-Brock, Juliet. Domesticated Animals from Early Times. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.

Clutton-Brock, Juliet. Animals as Domesticates: A World View through History. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press, 2012.

Langdon, John. Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation: The Use of Draught Animals in English Farming from 1066-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Segarra Soto, Héctor A. "After God, We Owed the Victory to the Horses: The Evolution of the Equine Companion from Veillantif to Arondel." Links to an external site.In Of Mice and Men: Animals in Human Culture, edited by Nandita Batra and Vartan Messier, 59-67. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2009.

Hunting

Cummins, J. The Hound and the Hawk: The Art of Medieval Hunting. London: Castle Books, 2001.

Goldberg, Eric J. In the Manner of the Franks: Hunting, Kingship, and Masculinity in Early Medieval Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020.

Marvin, William Perry. Hunting Law and Ritual in Medieval English Literature. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2006.

Meaney, Audrey. "The Hunted and the Hunters: British Mammals in Medieval Poetry." Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 11 (2000): 95–105.

Thiébaux, Marcelle. "The Medieval Chase." Speculum 42 (1967): 260-74.

Isidore of Seville

Salvador-Bello, Mercedes. “Clean and Unclean Animals: Isidore’s Book XII from the Etymologiae and the Structure of Eusebius’s Zoological Riddles.” English Studies 93 (2012): 572-82.

Languages

Eco, Umberto et al. “On Animal Language in the Medieval Classification of Signs.” In On the Medieval Theory of Signs, edited by Umberto Eco and Costantino Marmo, 3-41. Foundations of Semiotics 21. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1989.

Latin

Albertus Magnus. On Animals: A Medieval Summa Zoologica. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Mann, Jill, ed. and transl. Ysengrimus. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013.

Ziolkowski, Jan M. Talking Animals: Medieval Latin Beast Poetry, 750-1150. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.

Marie de France

Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn. “Speaking Through Animals In Marie De France’s Lais And Fables.” In A Companion to Marie de France, edited by L. Whalen, 157-86. Leiden: Brill, 2011. Links to an external site.

McCash, June Hall Martin. "The Curse of the White Hind and the Cure of the Weasel: Animal Magic in the Lais of Marie de France." In Literary Aspects of Courtly Culture, ed. Donald Maddox and Sara Sturm-Maddox, 199-209. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1994.

Middle English

Kiser, Lisa J. "Margery Kempe and the Animalization of Christ: Animal Cruelty in Late Medieval England." Studies in Philology 106 (2009): 299–315.

Lim, Gary. “‘A Stede Gode and Lel’: Valuing Arondel in Bevis of Hampton.” Postmedieval 2 (2011): 50–68.

Nickel, Helmut. "What Kind of Animal Was the Questing Beast?" Arthuriana 14 (2004): 66-69.

Sayers, William. “Animal Vocalization and Human Polyglossia in Walter of Bibbesworth’s Thirteenth-Century Domestic Treatise in Anglo-Norman French and Middle English” Sign Systems Studies 37 (2012): 525–41.

Monsters/Hybrids

Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Of Giants: Sex, Monsters, and the Middle Ages. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1999.

Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Hybridity, Identity, and Monstrosity in Medieval Britain: On Difficult Middles. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

Friedman, John Block. The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.

Mittman, Asa Simon and Peter Dendle, ed. The Ashgate Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous. Farnham UK and Burlington VT: Ashgate, 2012.

Old English

Bonjour, Adrien. "Beowulf and the Beasts of Battle." PMLA 72 (1957): 563–73.

Butler, Francis. "The Hero, the Beasts, and the Sun: Two Germanic Oral-Formulaic Themes in the Slovo o Polku Igoreve." Wiener Slawistischer Almanach Sonderbaende 30 (1992): 5–21.

Gutiérrez Barco, Maximino. “The Boar in Beowulf and Elene: A Germanic Symbol of Protection.” Links to an external site. SELIM: Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature 9 (1999): 163-71.

Herring, Scott. "A Hawk from a Handsaw: A Note on the Beasts of 'The Battle of Brunanburh.'" ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles 21 (2008): 9–11.

Honneger, Thomas. "Form and Function: The Beasts of Battle Revisited." English Studies 79 (1998): 289–98.

Letson, D.R. “The Old English Physiologus and the Homiletic Tradition.” Florilegium 1 (1979): 15–41.

McCulloch, Florence. Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962.

Neville, Jennifer. Representations of the Natural World in Old English Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Noetzel, Justin T. “Monster, Demon, Warrior: St. Guthlac and the Cultural Landscape of the Anglo-Saxon Fens.” Links to an external site. Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 45 (2014): 105-31.

Risden, Edward L. Beasts of Time: Apocalyptic Beowulf. Studies in the Humanities: Literature-Politics-Society 8. New York: Peter Lang, 1994.

Sorrell, Paul. "Like a Duck to Water: Representations of Aquatic Animals in Early Anglo-Saxon Literature and Art." Leeds Studies in English 25 (1994): 29–68.

Thornbury, Emily V. “Ælfric’s Zoology.” Links to an external site. Neophilologus 92 (2008): 141–53.

Old English (Riddles)

Afros, Elena. "Linguistic Ambiguities in Some Exeter Book Riddles." Notes and Queries 52 (2005): 431–37.

Aldhelm, Saint, Michael Lapidge, and James L. Rosier. Aldhelm, the Poetic Works. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1985.

Alexander, Michael. Old English Riddles: From the Exeter Book. London: Anvil Press Poetry, 2007.

Bitterli, Dieter. “Exeter Book Riddle 15: Some Points for the Porcupine.” Anglia: Zeitschrift Für Englische Philologie 120 (2002): 461–87.

Bitterli, Dieter. Say What I Am Called: The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book and the Anglo-Latin Riddle Tradition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.

Boryslawski, Rafal. The Old English Riddles and the Riddlic Elements of Old English Poetry. New York: Peter Lang, 2004.

Boryslawski, Rafal. “Sex, Food and Magic: Digestion and Fertility in the Exeter Book Riddles." In Feeding Culture: The Pleasures and Perils of Appetite, edited by Wojciech Kalaga and Tadeusz Rachval, 143–58. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2005.

Cavell, Megan. "The Igil and Exeter Book Riddle 15." Notes and Queries 64 (2017): 206-10.

Crossley-Holland, Kevin. The Exeter Book Riddles. Revised Edition. London and New York: Penguin, 1993.

Denno, Jerome, “Oppression and Voice in the Anglo-Saxon Riddles." Links to an external site. CEA Critic 70 (2007): 35-47.

Garvin, Katharine. “Nemand Hy Sylfe: A Note on Riddle 57, Exeter Book.” Classica et Mediaevalia 27 (1966): 294–95.

Hayes, Mary. “The Talking Dead: Resounding Voices in Old English Riddles.” Exemplaria 20 (2008): 123–42.

Hayes, Mary. Divine Ventriloquism in Medieval English Literature: Power, Anxiety, Subversion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Higley, Sarah L. “The Wanton Hand: Reading and Reaching into Grammars and Bodies in Old English Riddle 12.” In Naked before God: Uncovering the Body in Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Benjamin C Withers and Jonathan Wilcox, 29-59. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2003.

Howard, Elizabeth. “Modes of Being in Anglo-Saxon Riddles.” Links to an external site. In Geardagum 25 (2005): 61–77.

Jember, Gregory K. The Old English Riddles: A New Translation. N.p.: Society for New Language Study, 1976.

Jember, Gregory. “Riddle 57: A New Proposal.” In Geardagum 2 (1977): 68–71.

Krapp, George Philip and Elliot V. K. Dobbie, eds. The Exeter Book. Columbia University Press, 1989.

Meaney, Audrey L. “Exeter Book Riddle 57 (55) – a Double Solution?” Anglo-Saxon England 25 (1996): 187–200.

Muir, Bernard James. The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry. Exeter: University of Exeter press, 2000.

Murphy, Patrick, “Bocstafas: A Literal Reading of Exeter Book Riddle 57.” Philological Quarterly 84 (2005): 139–60.

Murphy, Patrick J. Unriddling the Exeter Riddles. University Park: Pennsylvania State Press, 2011.

Nelson, Marie. “The Rhetoric of the Exeter Book Riddles.” Speculum 49 (1974): 421–40.

Nelson, Marie. “The Paradox of Silent Speech in the Exeter Book Riddles,” Neophilologus 62 (1978): 609–15.

Neville, Jennifer. “Joyous Play and Bitter Tears: Riddles and Elegies.” In Beowulf & Other Stories: A New Introduction to Old English, Old Icelandic, and Anglo-Norman Literatures, edited by Richard North and Joe Allard, 130-59. Harlow, England; Toronto: Pearson/Longman, 2007.

Neville, Jennifer. “The Unexpected Pleasure of the ‘Implement Trope’: Hierarchical Relationships in the Old English Riddles.” Review of English Studies 62 (2011): 505–19.

Niles, John D. Old English Enigmatic Poems and the Play of the Texts. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.

Orchard, Andy. The Poetic Art of Aldhelm. Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 8. Cambridge, England ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Orchard, Andy. “Enigma Variations: The Anglo-Saxon Riddle-Tradition.” in Latin Learning and English Lore, I: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge, edited by Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe and Andy Orchard, 284-304. Toronto Old English Series 14. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.

Pavlovskis, Zoja. “The Riddler’s Microcosm: From Symphosius to St. Boniface.” Classica et Mediaevalia 39 (1988): 219–51.

Porter, John. Anglo-Saxon Riddles. Norfolk, UK: Anglo-Saxon Books, 2003.

Pulsiano, Phillip. “Exeter Book Riddle 57: Those Damned Souls, Again.” Germanic Notes 22 (1991): 2–5.

Riedinger, Anita R. “The Formulaic Style in Old English Riddles.” Studia Neophilologica 76 (2004): 30–43.

Robson, Peter. “'Feorran Broht’: Exeter Book Riddle 12 and the Commmodification of the Exotic.” In Authority and Subjugation in Writing of Medieval Wales, edited by Ruth Kennedy and Simon Meecham-Jones, 71-84. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2008.

Rodrigues, Louis Jerome. Sixty-Five Anglo-Saxon Riddles. Burnham-on-Sea: Llanerch Press, 1998.

Rulon-Miller, Nina. “Sexual Humor and Fettered Desire in Exeter Book Riddle 12.” In Humour in Anglo-Saxon Literature, edited by Jonathan Wilcox, 99-126. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, 2000.

Salvador Bello, Mercedes, “The Evening Singer of Riddle 8 (K-D).” SELIM: Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature 9 (1999): 57–68.

Stanton, Robert. “Mimicry, Subjectivity, and the Embodied Voice in Anglo-Saxon Bird Riddles.” In Voice and Voicelessness in Medieval Europe, 29-46. New Middle Ages Series. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

Stanton, Robert. “Bark Like a Man: Performance, Identity, and Boundary in Old English Animal Voice Catalogues.” In Animal Languages in the Middle Ages, edited by Alison Langdon, 91-111. New Middle Ages Series. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Stanton, Robert. “Creation's Chorus: Sound and Sentience in Anglo-Saxon Riddles.” In Riddles at Work in the Early Medieval Tradition, edited by Megan Cavell and Jennifer Neville, 92-106. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2021.

Harleman Stewart, Ann. “Double Entendre in the Old English Riddles.” Lore and Language 3 (1983): 39–52.

Tanke, John W. “Wonfeax Wale": Ideology and Figuration in the Sexual Riddles of the Exeter Book." In Class and Gender in Early English Literature: Intersections, edited by Britton J. Harwood and Gillian R. Overing, 21-42. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

Tiffany, Daniel. “Lyric Substance: On Riddles, Materialism, and Poetic Obscurity." Critical Inquiry 28 (2001): 72–98.

Tigges, Wim. “Snakes and Ladders: Ambiguity and Coherence in the Exeter Book Riddles and Maxims." In Companion to Old English Poetry, edited by Henk Aertsen and Rolf H. Bremmer, Jr., 95-118. Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994.

Tupper, Frederick. The Riddles of the Exeter Book Links to an external site.. Boston and New York: Ginn and Company, 1910.

Wehlau, Ruth. The Riddle of Creation: Metaphor Structures in Old English Poetry. New York: Peter Lang, 1997.

Jonathan Wilcox, “‘Tell Me What I Am’: The Old English Riddles,” in Readings in Medieval Texts: Interpreting Old and Middle English Literature (Oxford, England: Oxford UP. ix, 2005), 46–59.

Craig Williamson, A Feast of Creatures: Anglo-Saxon Riddle Songs (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982).

Craig Williamson, The Old English Riddles of the “Exeter Book” (University of North Carolina Press, 2010).

Alfred John Wyatt, Old English Riddles (D.C. Heath & Co., 1912).

Young, Jean I., “Riddle 8 of the Exeter Book,” Review of English Studies 18 (1942): 308–12.

Old French

Gathercole, P. Animals in Medieval French Manuscript Illumination. Edwin Mellen Press: Lewiston NY, 1995.

Smith, Nathaniel. "The Man on a Horse and the Horse-Man: Constructions of Human and Animal in The Knight of the Parrot." In Literary Aspects of Courtly Culture, edited by Donald Maddox and Sara Sturm-Maddox, 241-8. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1994.

Steel, Karl and Peggy McCracken. “The Animal Turn: Into the Sea with the Fish-Knights of Perceforest,” Postmedieval 2 (2011): 88–100.

Vitz, Evelyn Birge. "Animal and Human Emotions in Le Roman de Renart." Download "Animal and Human Emotions in Le Roman de Renart." In L’Humain et l’Animal Dans La France Médiévale, edited by Irène Fabry-Tehranchi, 2014, 57-70. Leiden: Brill. 2014.

Old Norse

McTurk, Rory. "Rattus Rattus as a Beast of Battle? Stanza 12 of Ragnars Saga." In Eddic, Skaldic, and Beyond: Poetic Variety in Medieval Iceland and Norway, edited by Martin Chase, 102-13. New York: Fordham University Press 2014.

Ramos, Eduardo. "Bear-Dreaming: Converging Animal Traditions in Hrólfs Saga Kraka." Comitatus 46 (2015):57-73.

Philosophy/Theory

Kay, Sarah. "Post-Human Philology and the Ends of Time in Medieval Bestiaries Links to an external site.." Postmedieval 4 (2014): 473-85.

Stanbury, Sarah. "Posthumanist Theory and the Premodern Animal Sign." Postmedieval 2 (2011): 101–14.

Tabarroni, Andrea, “On Articulation and Animal Language in Ancient Linguistic Theory,” in Signs of Antiquity and Antiquity of Signs, edited by Giovanni Menetti. Versus 50/51 (1988): 103-21.

Popular Culture

Wells, Paul.

Race

Jody Enders, “Homicidal Pigs and the Antisemitic Imagination,” Exemplaria 14, no. 1 (2002): 201–38.

Marc Michael Epstein, “If Lions Could Carve Stones…: Medieval Jewry and the Allegorization of the Animal Kingdom. A Textual and Iconographic Study,” no. 1 (1993), https://search-proquest-com.proxy.bc.edu/mlaib/docview/54971249/citation/AEAB5675DFF14CAEPQ/1 Links to an external site.

Religion

Alexander, Dominic. Saints and Animals in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge, Suffolk and Rochester: Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2008.

Cavill, Paul. "Some Dynamics of Story-Telling: Animals in the Early Lives of St. Cuthbert." Nottingham Medieval Studies 43 (1999): 1–20.

Chace, Jessica "Animal, Vegetable, Prosthesis: Medieval Care Networks in the Lives of Three English Saints." Exemplaria 29 (2017): 1-20.

Hobgood-Oster, Laura. Holy Dogs and Asses: Animals in the Christian Tradition. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2008.

Marx, Susanne. “The Miserable Beasts: Animal Art in the Gospels of Lindisfarne, Lichfield, and St Gallen 51.” Peritia 9 (1995): 234-45.

Waddell, Helen. Beasts and Saints. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996. [originally published 1934]

Skin

Kay, Sarah. "Legible Skins: Animals and the Ethics of Medieval Reading." Postmedieval 2 (2011): 13–32.

Ryan, Kathleen. "Parchment as Faunal Record." MASCA: University of Pennsylvania Journal 4 (n.d.): 124–38.

Symbolism

Hassig, Debra. Beauty in the Beasts: A Study of Medieval Aesthetics." RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 19/20 (1990/91): 137-61. Links to an external site.

Rowland, Beryl. Animals with Human Faces: A Guide to Animal Symbolism. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1973.

Salisbury, Joyce E. The Medieval World of Nature: A Book of Essays. New York: Garland, 1993.

Wonders of the East

Kim, Susan M. “Man-Eating Monsters and Ants as Big as Dogs: The Alienated Language of the Cotton Vitellius A. Xv Wonders of the East.” In Animals and the Symbolic in Medieval Art and Literature, edited by L. A. J. R. Houwen, 38-51. Groningen: Egbert Forsten,1997. Links to an external site.

Mittman, Asa Simon and Susan M. Kim, eds. Inconceivable Beasts: The Wonders of the East. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Publications, 2013.